No one was more surprised than McArthur Wheeler when he was arrested for bank robbery. After all, he’d smeared his face with lemon juice, you know, the stuff they use to make invisible ink? So how come it didn’t make him invisible too?

When this 1995 item from the Pittsburgh Police blotter caught the eye of Cornell Psychologist David Dunning he enlisted his graduate student Justin Kruger to figure out what was going on. They reasoned that, while many people have inflated views of their abilities and aptitudes in various endeavours, some mistakenly assess their abilities as being significantly higher than they actually are. And thus was born the “Dunning-Kruger Effect,” or the illusion of confidence leading to the cognitive bias to dramatically over-inflate one’s abilities.

When extreme ego is packaged with extreme ignorance, as is the case with the “President” of the United States, the result is too often a Dunning Kruger Effect exemplar – an inability to assess the extent of their own incompetence. Hence Donald Trump, a man not unlike McArthur Wheeler, who thinks invisibility is an actual thing, and […]

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